The skin cells turnover rate varies individually and age plays a major role. In babies, the skin renews itself every 14 days. In teenagers, this process takes about 28 days. In adults, it takes between 28 and 42 days. In those age 50 and older, the skin renewal process can take up to 84 days.

Colloidal Gold is a suspension of gold nanoparticles in a fluid, usually water. Known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, studies showed that colloidal gold penetrates deeper into the skin and acts as a carrier for other active ingredients to improve the efficacy of the skincare products.

Saccharide Isomerate boosts the hyaluronic acid production in the skin by up to 66% and reduces the appearance of wrinkles by up to 79.3%. It delivers long-lasting hydrating and smoothing effects for up to 72 hours. It reduces flakiness, itchiness, dryness, tightness while improves skin smoothness and softness by 50%.

Finasteride is often used in conjunction with minoxidil for hair loss treatment for men. Studies showed the efficacy of finasteride, however, there have been growing number of reported adverse effects associated with the use of finasteride such as problems with ejaculation, erectile dysfunction and lack of libido.

Niacinamide, also known as nicotinamide, is vitamin B3. Studies showed that niacinamide boosts the production of collagen, elastin and skin proteins by up to 100%. It reduces the signs of ageing on the skin and helps prevent the appearance of age spots by up to 68%. Niacinamide is suitable for all skin types including hyper-sensitive skin.

We wear a few layers of clothes to protect our body from the cold winter temperatures. For the same reason, our skin needs a few layers of skincare products to stay soft, supple and radiant throughout the winter. Skincare product layering protects our skin from the drying and damaging effects of winter.

Due to new coronavirus variant known as Omicron, many countries have reinstalled restrictions on social gathering and travel. The efficacy of the existing Covid-19 vaccines against Omicron is yet to be seen. To boost our immunity against coronavirus and improve our mood, eat plenty of these foods regularly.

Many skincare products contain vitamins. Studies showed that some vitamins are highly effective at improving the appearance of the skin. Based on my experience as an anti-ageing scientist who has been formulating skincare products for over two decades, these are the 4 best anti-ageing vitamins for our skin.

Tretinoin is a member of vitamin A group. Also known as all-trans retinoic acid, it is the most potent form of vitamin A. Studies showed that at a 0.05% concentration or higher, tretinoin increases the phototoxicity of UV light. Other potential side effects include excessive skin dryness, peeling and sensitivity.

When it is applied to the skin, panthenol gets converted to pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), an essential nutrient for healthy skin. Studies showed that panthenol prevents transepidermal water loss. It strengthens skin's moisture barrier, restores softness and protects the skin from irritation and environmental damage.

Several studies suggest that retinol boosts the collagen synthesis and cellular activity in the skin. However, retinol is highly unstable, particularly when it is exposed to light and air. In addition to this, retinol is also a highly phototoxic substance which becomes toxic when exposed to light especially UV light.

Shea butter contains rich fatty acids that strengthen skin's barrier function. Studies showed that shea butter is better than mineral oil and vaseline at preventing skin dryness and dehydration. It also contains powerful antioxidants and multivitamins that help prevent irritation and slow down the skin ageing process.